square-wave contrast

импульсный источник электропитания с коммутацией тока на первичной стороне
-

In primary switch mode power supplies, the AC mains voltage is first rectified and smoothed and then chopped ("switched"). Chopping means that the DC voltage is switched periodically at a frequency of 40 to 200 kHz using a power transistor.
In contrast to linearly regulated power supplies, the power transistor does not act as a variable resistor but as a switch instead. This generates a square-wave AC voltage that is transformed to the secondary circuit using a high-frequency transformer. In the secondary circuit, the voltage is rectifi ed and smoothed. The quantity of energy transformed to the secondary circuit is controlled, depending on the load, by varying the chopping rate. The longer the transistor is conductive, the higher is the quantity of energy transformed to the secondary circuit ( pulse width modulation).
Due to the use of high-frequency AC voltage, primary switch mode power supplies have the decisive advantage that their transformer can be of much smaller size than required for the transformation of low frequencies. This reduces the weight and the dissipation inside the unit. The effi ciency of these units is between 85 and 95 %. Since the output voltage does not directly depend on the input voltage, these units can be used for a wide input voltage range and can even be supplied with DC voltage. Furthermore, it is possible to buffer short-time mains voltage breakdowns up to 200 ms. However, the power failure buffering time is limited by the size of capacitor C1 since a longer buffering time requires a higher capacity and thus a bigger size of the capacitor. Especially in case of small power supplies this is not desirable.
Therefore, a practicable compromise has to be made between the size of the power supply and the buffering time.
Primary switch mode power supplies can be used for all purposes. For example, they are suitable for the supply of all kind of electronics as well as for electromechanical applications.
[ABB]

Тематики

• источники и системы электропитания

EN

• primary switch mode power supply

импульсный источник электропитания с коммутацией тока на первичной стороне
-

In primary switch mode power supplies, the AC mains voltage is first rectified and smoothed and then chopped ("switched"). Chopping means that the DC voltage is switched periodically at a frequency of 40 to 200 kHz using a power transistor.
In contrast to linearly regulated power supplies, the power transistor does not act as a variable resistor but as a switch instead. This generates a square-wave AC voltage that is transformed to the secondary circuit using a high-frequency transformer. In the secondary circuit, the voltage is rectifi ed and smoothed. The quantity of energy transformed to the secondary circuit is controlled, depending on the load, by varying the chopping rate. The longer the transistor is conductive, the higher is the quantity of energy transformed to the secondary circuit ( pulse width modulation).
Due to the use of high-frequency AC voltage, primary switch mode power supplies have the decisive advantage that their transformer can be of much smaller size than required for the transformation of low frequencies. This reduces the weight and the dissipation inside the unit. The effi ciency of these units is between 85 and 95 %. Since the output voltage does not directly depend on the input voltage, these units can be used for a wide input voltage range and can even be supplied with DC voltage. Furthermore, it is possible to buffer short-time mains voltage breakdowns up to 200 ms. However, the power failure buffering time is limited by the size of capacitor C1 since a longer buffering time requires a higher capacity and thus a bigger size of the capacitor. Especially in case of small power supplies this is not desirable.
Therefore, a practicable compromise has to be made between the size of the power supply and the buffering time.
Primary switch mode power supplies can be used for all purposes. For example, they are suitable for the supply of all kind of electronics as well as for electromechanical applications.
[ABB]

Тематики

• источники и системы электропитания

EN

• primary switch mode power supply

anoche fuimos al cine — we went to the cinema last night

¿has ido alguna vez a Quito? — have you ever been to Quito?

¿a qué colegio vas? — what school do you go to?

esta carretera va a Huesca — this road goes to Huesca, this is the road to Huesca

íbamos hacia Sevilla — we were going towards Seville

ir hasta León — to go as far as León

ir despacio — to go slow(ly)

ir con tiento — to go carefully {o} cautiously

¡ya voy!, ¡ahora voy! — coming!, I'll be right there!

vamos a casa — let's go home

tuvimos que ir andando — we had to walk {o} go on foot

¿vas a ir andando o en autobús? — are you walking or going by bus?

iba muy bien vestido — he was very well dressed

este reloj va atrasado — this clock is slow

iban muertos de risa por la calle — they were killing themselves laughing as they went down the street

• ir (a) [por] — to go and get

voy (a) por el paraguas — I'll go and get the umbrella

voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch {o} get the doctor

¿cómo va el paciente? — how's the patient doing?

el enfermo va mejor — the patient is improving {o} doing better

el enfermo va peor — the patient has got worse

¿cómo va el ensayo? — how's the essay going?, how are you getting on with the essay?

¿cómo va el partido? — what's the score?

¿cómo va eso? — how are things (going)?

todo va bien — everything's fine, everything's going well

los resultados van a mejor — the results are improving {o} getting better

• ir [por], ¿te has leído ya el libro? ¿por dónde vas? — have you read the book yet? whereabouts are you? {o} how far have you got?

ir por la mitad de algo — to be halfway through sth

la película ya va por la mitad — it's already half way through the film

íbamos por la mitad de nuestro viaje — we were half way there

ese cuadro debería ir encima del sofá — that picture should go over the sofa

lo que te dijo iba en serio — he meant what he said (to you)

la pradera va desde la montaña hasta el mar — the grasslands go {o} stretch from the mountains to the sea

en lo que va de semana hemos recibido cientos de llamadas — we've had hundreds of calls so far this week

en lo que va desde 1950 hasta nuestros días — from 1950 up until now

va mucho de uno a otro — there's a lot of difference between them

¡lo que va del padre al hijo! — what a difference there is between father and son!, father and son are nothing like each other!

con este van 30 — that makes 30 (with this one)

van ya tres llamadas y no contesta — we've called him three times and he doesn't answer

van cinco pesos a que no lo haces — I bet you five pesos you won't do it

¿cuánto va? — how much do you bet?

ir con pantalones — to be wearing trousers

¿con qué ropa {o} cómo fuiste a la boda? — what did you wear to the wedding?

iba de rojo — she was dressed in red, she was wearing red

la que va de negro — the girl in black

irle a algn —

nos va mucho en esto — we have a lot riding on this

le va la vida en ello — his life depends on it

¿cómo te va? — how are things?, how are you doing?

¿cómo te va en los estudios? — how are you getting on with your studies?

¡que te vaya bien! — take care!

¿me va bien esto? — does this suit me?

no le va bien el sombrero — the hat doesn't suit her

ese tipo de gente no me va — I don't get on with that type of people

no quería ir con ella a ninguna parte — I didn't want to go anywhere with her

iba con su madre — he was with his mother

esta fotocopia debe ir con la carta — this photocopy has to go (in) with the letter

yo voy con el Real Madrid — I support Real Madrid

el marrón no va bien con el azul — brown and blue don't go together

eso de ser famosa no va con ella — being famous doesn't agree with her

¿de qué va la película? — what's the film about?

la película va nada más que de sexo — the film is all sex

va para los 40 — he's getting on for 40, he's knocking on 40

va para viejo — he's getting old

va para arquitecto — he's going to be an architect

va para cinco años que entré en la Universidad — it's getting on for five years since I started University

eso no va por usted — I wasn't referring to you, that wasn't meant for you

¡va por los novios! — (here's) to the bride and groom!

se dio cuenta de que iban tras él — he realized they were after him

ir tras una chica — to chase (after) a girl

-¿le pido disculpas? -¿dónde vas? deja que sea él quien se disculpe — "shall I apologize?" - "what are you talking about? let him be the one to apologize"

a eso voy — I'm coming to that

pues, a eso voy — that's what I mean, that's what I'm getting at

aquí cada uno va a lo suyo — everyone does their own thing here

llevo todo el día yendo y viniendo de un lado al otro de la ciudad — I've spent all day going from one end of town to the other

cuando tú vas, yo ya he venido — I've been there before, I've seen it all before

¡vaya! ¿qué haces tú por aquí? — well, what a surprise! what are you doing here?

¡vaya coche! — what a car!, that's some car!

¡vaya susto que me pegué! — I got such a fright!, what a fright I got!

¡vamos! ¡di algo! — come on! say something!

vamos, no es difícil — come on, it's not difficult

una chica, vamos, una mujer — a girl, well, a woman

es molesto, pero ¡vamos! — it's a nuisance, but there it is

-¿no me vas a echar la bronca? -no, qué va — "you're not going to tell me off, are you?" - "of course I'm not"

¿perder la liga? ¡qué va, hombre! — lose the league? you must be joking!

fui a verle — I went to see him

tras muchas vueltas fuimos a dar con la calle Serrano — after driving round for ages we eventually found Serrano Street

¿cómo lo iba a tener? — how could he have had it?

¡no lo va a saber! — of course he knows!

¿no irás a decirme que no lo sabías? — you're not going to tell me you didn't know?

iba anocheciendo — it was getting dark

iban fumando — they were smoking

¿quién va ganando? — who's winning?

fueron hablando todo el camino — they talked the whole way there

como iba diciendo — as I was saying

¡voy corriendo! — I'll be right there!

id pensando en el tema que queréis tratar — be {o} start thinking about the subject you want to deal with

hemos ido consiguiendo lo que queríamos — we found what we wanted eventually

voy comprendiendo que... — I am beginning to see that...

van escritas tres cartas — that's three letters I've written

va vendido todo — everything has been sold

ir en taxi — to go by taxi

iban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot

ir por mar — to go by sea

lo oía ir y venir por la habitación — I could hear him pacing up and down the room

el ir y venir de los invitados — the coming and going of the guests

no hago más que ir y venir de un lado para otro — I do nothing but run around

vamos a casa — let's go home

¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?

¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?

ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting

ya vamos para allá — we're on our way

¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?

¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?

el perro fue a por él — the dog went for him

voy a clases nocturnas — I go to evening classes

ya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university

irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher

tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!

ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000

no va más! — no more bets!

ahí va! me he olvidado el dinero — oh no! I've forgotten the money

no iba con mala intención — it wasn't meant unkindly

fue y le dio un puñetazo — she went and punched him

y la tonta va y se lo cree — and like an idiot she believed him

iban cantando por el camino — they sang as they went along

¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?

¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?

íbamos sentados — we were sitting down

vas que pareces un pordiosero — you look like some sort of beggar

iba con miedo — she was afraid

vas muy cargada — you have a lot to carry

yo iba a la cabeza — I was in the lead

hay que ir con los ojos bien abiertos — you have to keep your eyes open

va de chasco en chasco — he's had one disappointment after another

ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green

ir de algo — to go (along) as something

yo fui de intérprete — I went along as interpreter

¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?

ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something

la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia — the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia

el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento — the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?

va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?

me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview

que te vaya bien (en) el examen! — good luck in the exam

¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?

¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1

voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning

ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?

ya van tres veces que te lo digo — this is the third time I've told you

con éste van seis — six, counting this one

ya van tres pasteles que se come — that makes three cakes he's eaten now

de tres a ocho van cinco — eight minus three is five

ir en algo — to depend on something

no sé en qué vá — I don't know what it depends on

¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?

¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!

¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!

vamos a perder el avión - qué va! — we're going to miss the plane - nonsense!

¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?

¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?

todo esto va para el examen — all of this will be included in the exam

ir con algo — to go with something

el negro no te va bien — black doesn't suit you

te irá bien un descanso — a rest will do you good

ir en contra de algo — to go against something

irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody

le va al equipo peruano — he supports the Peruvian team

vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him

vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!

eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy

es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway

vaya! tú por aquí! — what a surprise! what are you doing here?

vaya cochazo! — that's some car!

vaya (que) si la conozco! — you bet I know her!

vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse

ir a + inf —

te vas a caer! — you're going to fall!

voy a estudiar medicina — I'm going to study medicine

va a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

esto no te va a gustar — you're not going to like this

te voy a pegar — I'm going to smack you

vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?

bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work

que no se te vaya a caer — make sure you don't drop it

lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains

que te vaya bien! — all the best!

qué le iba a decir! — what else could I tell her?

¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?

¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?

no irás a darle la razón a él! — surely you're not going to say he was right!

¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?

cómo iba a saberlo! — how was I supposed to know?

¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?

ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse

vámonos — let's go

no te vayas — don't go

vete a la cama — go to bed

se fue de casa — she left home

vete de aquí — get out of here

se fue de la empresa — she left the company

se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away

se nos fué a vivir a Florida — he went (off) to live in Florida

cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler — half my salary goes on the rent

qué rápido se me ha ido la tarde! — hasn't the evening gone quickly?

se ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?

irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back

me iba para atrás — I was falling backwards

frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante — he braked and we all went flying forwards

vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful

irse a examen — to have to take an exam

se me fueron las medias — my tights have run

ir en taxi — to go by taxi

iban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot

ir por mar — to go by sea

lo oía ir y venir por la habitación — I could hear him pacing up and down the room

el ir y venir de los invitados — the coming and going of the guests

no hago más que ir y venir de un lado para otro — I do nothing but run around

vamos a casa — let's go home

¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?

¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?

ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting

ya vamos para allá — we're on our way

¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?

¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?

el perro fue a por él — the dog went for him

voy a clases nocturnas — I go to evening classes

ya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university

irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher

tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!

ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000

no va más! — no more bets!

ahí va! me he olvidado el dinero — oh no! I've forgotten the money

no iba con mala intención — it wasn't meant unkindly

fue y le dio un puñetazo — she went and punched him

y la tonta va y se lo cree — and like an idiot she believed him

iban cantando por el camino — they sang as they went along

¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?

¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?

íbamos sentados — we were sitting down

vas que pareces un pordiosero — you look like some sort of beggar

iba con miedo — she was afraid

vas muy cargada — you have a lot to carry

yo iba a la cabeza — I was in the lead

hay que ir con los ojos bien abiertos — you have to keep your eyes open

va de chasco en chasco — he's had one disappointment after another

ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green

ir de algo — to go (along) as something

yo fui de intérprete — I went along as interpreter

¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?

ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something

la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia — the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia

el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento — the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?

va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?

me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview

que te vaya bien (en) el examen! — good luck in the exam

¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?

¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1

voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning

ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?

ya van tres veces que te lo digo — this is the third time I've told you

con éste van seis — six, counting this one

ya van tres pasteles que se come — that makes three cakes he's eaten now

de tres a ocho van cinco — eight minus three is five

ir en algo — to depend on something

no sé en qué vá — I don't know what it depends on

¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?

¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!

¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!

vamos a perder el avión - qué va! — we're going to miss the plane - nonsense!

¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?

¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?

todo esto va para el examen — all of this will be included in the exam

ir con algo — to go with something

el negro no te va bien — black doesn't suit you

te irá bien un descanso — a rest will do you good

ir en contra de algo — to go against something

irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody

le va al equipo peruano — he supports the Peruvian team

vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him

vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!

eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy

es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway

vaya! tú por aquí! — what a surprise! what are you doing here?

vaya cochazo! — that's some car!

vaya (que) si la conozco! — you bet I know her!

vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse

ir a + inf —

te vas a caer! — you're going to fall!

voy a estudiar medicina — I'm going to study medicine

va a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

esto no te va a gustar — you're not going to like this

te voy a pegar — I'm going to smack you

vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?

bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work

que no se te vaya a caer — make sure you don't drop it

lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains

que te vaya bien! — all the best!

qué le iba a decir! — what else could I tell her?

¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?

¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?

no irás a darle la razón a él! — surely you're not going to say he was right!

¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?

cómo iba a saberlo! — how was I supposed to know?

¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?

ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse

vámonos — let's go

no te vayas — don't go

vete a la cama — go to bed

se fue de casa — she left home

vete de aquí — get out of here

se fue de la empresa — she left the company

se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away

se nos fué a vivir a Florida — he went (off) to live in Florida

cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler — half my salary goes on the rent

qué rápido se me ha ido la tarde! — hasn't the evening gone quickly?

se ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)

¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?

irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back

me iba para atrás — I was falling backwards

frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante — he braked and we all went flying forwards

vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful

irse a examen — to have to take an exam

se me fueron las medias — my tights have run